قارچ ایران زمین | هفته اوّل بهمن ۱۳۹۰

Abstract

Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. ITCC 3308 (collected from Indian Type Culture Collection, IARI, New Delhi, India, 110012) was grown on dry weed plants, Leonotis sp, Sida acuta, Parthenium argentatum, Ageratum conyzoides, Cassia sophera, Tephrosia purpurea and Lantana camara. Leonotis sp. was the best substrate in fruit body production of P. ostreatus when it was mixed with rice straw (1:1, wet wt/wet wt) for mushroom cultivation. The fruiting time for P. ostreatus was also less on Leonotis sp. than on any other weed substrates tested in the present investigation. T. purpurea was the least suited weed for oyster mushroom cultivation. The main problem of oyster mushroom cultivation on weed substrates was found to be low yield in the second flush that could be overcome by blending weed plants with rice straw. The protein contents of the fruit bodies obtained from Cassia sophera, Parthenium argentatum and Leonotis sp. were not only better than rice straw but also from the rice straw supplemented weeds.

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Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is an active lignin degrader in the forests. Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth and its breakdown is a necessary step for making cellulose (the most abundant carbon biopolymer) accessible to further enzymatic processes. The understanding of the whole-genome regulation of P. ostreatus lignocellulolytic enzymes would facilitate its use in in-situ bioremediation processes and other biotechnological processes.

P. ostreatus is a saprophyte in the wild (i.e., it lives on dead or decaying matter). The comparison of its genome with that of other saprophytic, ectomycorrhizal (having filaments that grow between root cells), and pathogenic basidiomycetes would help in identifying specific gene sets for these different lifestyles. P. ostreatus occupies the third position in the worldwide market of industrially produced mushrooms. This fungus can grow easily on a variety of organic substrates, including agricultural wastes that P. ostreatus is able to recycle for animal foodstuff. The identification of the genetic basis of substrate colonization by P. ostreatus and of the induction of fruiting will facilitate the expansion of the range of agricultural wastes amenable to conversion using this fungus.

P. ostreatus also produces various secondary metabolites of medical interest. Knowledge of the genomics of P. ostreatus secondary metabolism will help to improve the production of these compounds. A number of quantitative trait loci controlling growth rate and industrial quality and productivity have been identified in P. ostreatus. The complete genome sequence will allow the analysis of the structure and mechanism of function of these quantitative genes.

Principal Investigators: Antonio Pisabarro, Lucia Ramirez (Public Univ. of Navarre), Allan C. Gathman (Southeast Missouri State Univ.), Francis Martin (INRA, France), Ursel Kues (Univ. of Göttingen), Yitzhak Hadar (Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem), Christian Kubicek (Tech. Univ. of Vienna), Dan Cullen (Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison), Bernard Henrissat (Univ. Aix-Marseille I & II), Rytas Vlgalys (Duke Univ.), Juan Francisco Martin (Instituto de Biotecnologia de Leon).

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Via classical breeding - but with the use of modern analytical techniques - PRI Mushrooms, part of Wageningen UR, has been the first to develop a sporeless oyster mushroom for commercial cultivation. This means that pickers of this cultivar can now pick the mushrooms without a protecting overpressure hood.

Traditional, spore-producing oyster mushrooms produce billions of spores floating in the air. In the long term these spores cause health problems such as lung allergy problems and fever attacks when working in the cells without protection. The floating spores also lead to blocking of climate installations and higher energy costs because the air must continually be refreshed. In winter it costs energy to heat the fresh, outside ventilation air and in summer to cool it. As from November 2006 the new cultivar is marketed, under licence, by Sylvan Nederland B.V, producer of mushroom spawn.
The first information about the cultivation of this new cultivar this year shows that its production is al least as good as the current cultivars on the market. Until now the yield of more than 20% per tonne/substrate is higher than the common yield of 17%.

PRI has developed this new sporeless cultivar by using the so-called molecular marker technology. After crossing various oyster mushroom cultivars this modern analytical technique was used to rapidly identify progeny with the highest chance of sporelessness.

The research has been funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV) as main financier, and the sector (Product Board for Horticulture and Bromyc B.V., part of the Coöperatieve Nederlandse Champignonkwekersvereniging (CNC)) and PRI. The Dutch oyster mushroom growers have been involved in testing the cultivar. The development of this new oyster mushroom cultivar shows the importance of cooperation between government, knowledge organization Wageningen UR and the mushroom sector.

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on weed plants

Abstract

Keywords

Mineral composition of oyster mushroom

Abstract

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