کشت هر نوع قارچ خوراکی و دارویی در قارچ ایران زمین

گونه های خوراکی

09128431824

Agaricus bisporus (left) Agaricus subrufescens (center) Agrocybe aegerita (right)

Agaricus bisporus extracts demonstrated immunomodulatory activities in vivo,^[70][71] and activity against several cancer cell lines.^[72] Agaricus bisporus creates ergothioneine.^[73]

Agaricus subrufescens (A. blazei, A. brasiliensis, A. sylvaticus)

Agaricus subrufescens is a medicinal mushroom associated with Brazil and Japan. An article in the Journal of Nutrition estimated that Agaricus subrufescens extracts are used by 500,000 citizens in Japan.^[74][75] A review noted there is evidence for using Agaricus subrufescens extracts for certain cancers.^{[76][77][78][79]}

Agrocybe aegerita (Pioppino)

Agrocybe aegerita has anticancer and immunomodulatory activities in vitro.^[80]

Auricularia auricula (Wood ear, kikurage)

Auricularia auricula extracts demonstrated hypoglycemic in vivo and anticancer, anticoagulant, and anticholesterol activities in vitro.^[81][82]

Auricularia polytricha (Cloud ear)

An Auricularia polytricha isolate inhibited sarcoma in vivo.^[83]

Boletus edulis (Porcini, cep, borovik, steinpilz)

Boletus edulis (left) Coprinus comatus (right)

A Boletus edulis isolate inhibited several malignant cell lines and was found to bind a cell-specific T-antigen disaccharide.^[84]

Coprinus comatus (Ink cap)

A Coprinus comatus extract inhibited adenocarcinoma in vitro.^[85]

Dictyophora indusiata (Phallus indusiatus, bamboo mushroom)

Dictyophora indusiata creates bioactive dictyophorines, dictyoquinazols, and tyrosinase inhibitors.^[86]

Flammulina velutipes (Enokitake)

Dictyophora indusiata (left) Flammulina velutipes (middle) cultivated Flammulina velutipes (right)

Flammulina velutipes creates compounds with anticancer activity, and epidemiological studies in Japan have associated the mushroom with lower cancer rates.^[87] Proflamin an isolate of Flammulina velutipes, has anticancer activity in vivo.^[88][89] Flammulina velutipes creates ergothioneine, and the immunomodulatory protein FIP‐fve.^[90]

Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Grifola frondosa (left) Lentinula edodes (right)

Grifola frondosa is a well known mushroom in China and Japan. Many Grifola frondosa studies indicate potential anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities. D-fraction, MD-fraction, SX-fraction, and grifolan, are researched isolates of Grifola frondosa.

Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)

Lentinan is an isolate of Lentinula edodes mycelia. "There have been numerous clinical trials of Lentinan in Japan, though none have been placebo-controlled and double-blinded. However, Lentinan has been approved for clinical use in Japan for many years, and is manufactured by several pharmaceutical companies. Intraperitoneal lentinan is widely used as an adjuvant treatment for certain cancers in Japan and China."^[91] AHCC is an extract derived from fermented Lentinula edodes mycelia.

Lignosus rhinocerus

Lignosus rhinocerus is a medicinal mushroom associated with Malaysia.^[92]

Morchella esculenta (Morel)

Morchella esculenta (left) Phallus impudicus (right)

A Morchella esculenta isolate demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in vitro.^[93]

Phallus impudicus

Phallus impudicus extracts have been clinically researched in relation to venous thrombosis.^[94]

Pholiota nameko

Pholiota nameko creates compounds with antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hypolipidemic activities.^[95][96][97]

Pleurotus djamor (Pink oyster mushroom)

Pleurotus eryngii (left) Pleurotus ostreatus (right)

Pholiota nameko (left) Sparassis crispa (right)

A ribonuclease isolated from Pleurotus djamor demonstrated anticancer activity in vitro.^[98]

Pleurotus eryngii (King oyster mushroom, eringi)

Pleurotus eryngii extracts have immunomodulatory activities in vitro.^[99] Pleureryn is a researched Pleurotus eryngii isolate.

Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom, hiratake)

Pleurotus ostreatus creates lovastatin and pleuran.^[100][101] A number of studies indicate Pleurotus ostreatus consumption lowers cholesterol levels in vivo. Research with Pleurotus ostreatus extracts indicate potential anticancer and immunomodulatory activities.^{[102][103][104]}

Sparassis crispa (Cauliflower mushroom)

Sparassis crispa has anticancer and immunomodulating activity in vivo.^{[105][106][107][108][109]}

Tremella fuciformis (White jelly fungus)

Tremella fuciformis (left) Tremella mesenterica (right)

Tremella fuciformis is a medicinal mushroom associated with China.

Tremella mesenterica (Golden jelly fungus)

Tremella mesenterica has potential anticancer and immunomodulating activities.^{[110][111][112]}

Tricholoma matsutake (Matsutake)

Tricholoma matsutake (left) Volvariella volvacea (right)

Tricholoma matsutake isolates may have anticancer and immunomodulating activities.^{[113][114][115][116][117][118][119]}

Ustilago maydis (Huitlacoche)

Ustilago maydis has been consumed in Mexico since the Aztec empire. Ustilago maydis creates ustilagine, proteinases, exopeptidases, and ustilagic acid.^[120]

Volvariella volvacea (Straw mushroom)

Volvariella volvacea is a mushroom associated with Thailand and Vietnam. Two in vitro studies demonstrated Volvariella volvacea has potential medicinal activity.^[121][122]

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Antrodia camphorata (Antrodia cinnamomea, Taiwanofungus camphoratus, niuchangchih)

Antrodia camphorata is a mushroom associated with Taiwan. Antrocamphins, zhankuic acids, and antcins, are Antrodia camphorata isolates with potential medicinal activity.

Astraeus hygrometricus (Earthstar)

Astraeus hygrometricus is a mushroom associated with India and China. Astraeus hygrometricus extracts demonstrated anticancer activity in vivo.^[123][124]

Cordyceps (Caterpillar fungus, yartsa gunbu, dong chong xia cao)

Astraeus hygrometricus (left) Cordyceps sinensis attached to the head of a caterpillar (center) Cyathus stercoreus (right)

Cordyceps sinensis is a type of entomopathogenic fungi collected on the Tibetan Plateau. Ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant, was discovered in an anamorph of Cordyceps subsessilis. Cordyceps isolates include, cordycepin, cordymin, cordycepsidone, and cordyheptapeptide.^[125] CS-4 is a standardized extract of Cordyceps sinensis mycelia.

Cyathus stercoreus

Cyathus stercoreus creates polyketide antioxidants, cyathusals, cyathuscavins, and pulvinatal.^[126][127]

Cyathus striatus

Cyathus striatus creates cyathins, striatins, and antimicrobial compounds.^{[128][129][130]}

Fomes fomentarius (Amadou, tinder conk)

Cyathus striatus (left) Fomes fomentarius (center) Ganoderma lucidum (right)

Fomes fomentarius extracts demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in vivo, and anticancer activity in vitro.^[131][132]

Ganoderma lucidum (Mannentake, língzhī, reishi)

Ganoderma lucidum is the mushroom with the longest record of medicinal use. Ganoderma lucidum is thought to be useful against a variety of ailments. Researchers have mapped the genome of Ganoderma lucidum, and have isolated over 100 lanostane-type triterpenoids, including a number of ganoderic acids.^[133]

Hydnellum peckii

Hydnellum peckii creates the anticoagulant atromentin.^[134][135]

Inonotus obliquus (Chaga)

Hydnellum peckii (left) Inonotus obliquus (center) Peziza vesiculosa (right)

Inonotus obliquus mycelia has been used for centuries in Russia and the Baltic region. Inonotus obliquus creates styrylpyrone compounds, inotilone, melanin, and the betulinic acid precursor betulin.^[8] An experiment with mice showed an Inonotus obliquus extract increased melanoma survival rates 4-fold. Additional research indicates potential anticancer activity.^{[136][137][138][139][140][141][142]} Befungin is a commercial Russian extract of Inonotus obliquus.^[143]

Peziza vesiculosa

Peziza vesiculosa creates vesiculogen, and has been researched for anticancer activity.^{[144][145][146][147][148]}

Phellinus linteus (Meshimakobu, sanghwang)

Phellinus linteus is a mushroom associated with Korea. A review noted, "evidence from different research groups has shown that Phellinus linteus induces apoptosis in a host of murine and human carcinomas without causing any measurable toxic effects..."^[149] Phellinus linteus isolates include hispidin, hispolon, phellinins, phellinstatin, interfungins A, and hypholomine B.^[150] Researchers have also studied the related species P. igniarius and P. rimosus.

Piptoporus betulinus (Birch polypore)

Phellinus igniarius (left) Piptoporus betulinus (right)

A Piptoporus betulinus isolated inhibited metallo-proteinase.^[151]

Polyporus umbellatus (Zhu-ling)

Polyporus umbellatus (left) Schizophyllum commune (right)

Polyporus umbellatus demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulating activities, in vitro.^{[152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159]}

Poria cocos (Fu-ling)

Poria cocos is a medicinal fungus associated with China.^[160]

Schizophyllum commune (Split gill)

Schizophyllan (SPG, sizofiran), an isolate of Schizophyllum commune, has been researched clinically for anticancer activity.^[161] Bioactive hydrophobins were first isolated from Schizophyllum commune.

Trametes gibbosa (Daedalea gibbosa)

Trametes gibbosa (left) Trametes versicolor (center) Xylaria hypoxylon (right)

A Trametes gibbosa extract inhibited leukemia in vivo.^[162]

Trametes versicolor (Coriolus versicolor, yun-zhī, kawaratake)

Medicinal use of Trametes versicolor was first noted during the Ming Dynasty of China. PSK and PSP are protein-bound polysaccharides isolated from different Trametes versicolor mycelia strains. Commercial use of PSK began in Japan during 1977. Commercial use of PSP began in China during 1987.

Xylaria hypoxylon

Xylaria hypoxylon extracts have hemagglutinating, antiproliferative, and antimitogenic activities.^{[163][164][165][166]}