اصلاح و نگهداری از استرین در قارچ خوراکی دکمه ای

Breeding and strain protection in the button mushroom agaricus bisporus

The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushroom species in the world. Being the main species cultivated in the Western hemisphere, its popularity also increases in Eastern Countries such as China and Korea. The world production level for 2009 is estimated at ca. 4 million tons with an economic value of ca. 4.7 $ billion. Despite its economic relevance, it is surprising to see that breeding effort in this species is low. The main reasons for this low effort are the typical life cycle that hampers breeding and the difficulty to protect strains. The complete life cycle of A. bisporus was unravelled in the early 70-ties of the previous century. After an apparently normal meiosis, predominantly bisporic basidia are produced, each containing two non-sister post meiotic nuclei. Upon germination these spores generate heterokaryotic mycelia. Only spores from the rare four spored basidia contain one haploid nucleus and can be used to generate hybrids in breeding programs. Release of the first commercial hybrid dates back to 1980. Subsequent commercial hybrids were identical or very similar to the first hybrid. It is clear that some “new” varieties were generated by making copies of the first hybrid via tissue cultures of mushrooms. It is, however, unclear how other varieties were generated with apparently identical genotype but nevertheless some clear differences in phenotypes. Recent research indicates that offspring can be generated without recombination between homologous chromosomes. A pairing of non-sister nuclei on bisporic basidia will thus result in a redistribution of homologous chromosomes over the constituent nuclei. This redistribution appears to have phenotypic influence. This phenomenon thus allows for a relatively easy way of generating new varieties. This paper will present opportunities of this typical meiotic behaviour for breeders but also addresses what consequences it has for strain protection.

شناسايي و توصيف تعدادي از دوبالان زيان آور قارچ خوراكي دكمه اي (Agaricus bisporus) در منطقه كرج

 طالبي علي اصغر,زماني عباسعلي,محمدي گل تپه ابراهيم

 طي مطالعات انجام شده در طول ماههاي تير تا آذر سال 1379 سه گونه از دوبالان (Diptera) به عنوان آفت قارچ خوراكي دكمه اي،Agaricus bisporus Lange  در مراكز پرورش قارچ خوراكي كرج شناسايي و توصيف شدند كه عبارت بودند از : (Sciaridae)،Lycoriella auripila Winnertz، (Phoridae)،Megaselia halterata Wood  و(Scatopsidae) ،Coboldia fuscipes Meigen  گونه هاي L. auripila و M. halterata براي اولين بار از ايران گزارش مي شوند و از مهمترين آفات قارچ خوراكي دكمه اي محسوب مي شوند. حشرات كامل گونه L. auripila از طريق رگبار R1 كه فقط به اندازه نصف طول رگبال Rs مي باشد و زوايد قلاب مانند انتهاي شكم نرها از ساير گونه هاي اين خانواده متمايز مي شوند. گونه M. halterata از طريق وضعيت قرار گرفتن موهاي روي صورت، رگبال كناري (C) كوتاهتر از نصف طول بال، لوله مخرجي كوتاه و وجود دو موي بلند بر روي ترژيت نهم شكم نرها از ساير گونه هاي خانواده Phoridae قابل تشخيص است و گونه C. fuscipes با وجود رگبال Cu2 خميده، اسكلريت روزنه تنفسي بزرگ و دنباله اسكلريتي ترژيت هفتم شكم نرها از ساير گونه هاي خانواده Scatopsidae متمايز است. در اين تحقيق خصوصيات مرفولوژيك هر سه گونه توصيف شده است.

كليد واژه: قارچ خوراكي دكمه اي، دو بالان ، كرج

مقاله ۲۰۱۲:  نوترکیبی میتوکندریایی در جمعیت های طبیعی قارچ دکمه ای Agaricus

Mitochondrial recombination in natural populations of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Abstract

In the majority of sexual eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genomes are inherited uniparentally and have predominantly clonal population structures. In clonally evolving genomes, alleles at different loci will be in significant linkage disequilibrium. In this study, the associations among alleles at nine mitochondrial loci were analyzed for 379 isolates in four natural populations of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The results indicated that the mitochondrial genome in the Desert California population was not significantly different from random recombination. In contrast, the three other populations all showed predominantly clonal mitochondrial population structure. While no evidence of recombination was found in the Alberta, Canada A. bisporus population, signatures of recombination were evident in the Coastal Californian and the French populations. We discuss the potential mechanisms that could have contributed to the observed mitochondrial recombination and to the differences in allelic associations among the geographic populations in this economically important mushroom.

کمک به گرسنگان جهان

 مقاله ۲۰۱۲: مروری بر خصوصیات ضد میکروبی عصاره های قارچ های کلاهک دار و ترکیبات جدا شده

A Review on Antimicrobial Activity of Mushroom (Basidiomycetes) Extracts and Isolated Compounds

Abstract

Despite the huge diversity of antibacterial compounds, bacterial resistance to first-choice antibiotics has been drastically increasing. Moreover, the association between multiresistant microorganisms and nosocomial infections highlight the problem, and the urgent need for solutions. Natural resources have been exploited in the last years and among them, mushrooms could be an alternative source of new antimicrobials. In this review, we present an overview of the antimicrobial properties of mushroom extracts and highlight some of the active compounds identified, including low- and high-molecular weight (LMW and HMW, respectively) compounds. LMW compounds are mainly secondary metabolites, such as sesquiterpenes and other terpenes, steroids, anthraquinones, benzoic acid derivatives, and quinolines, but also primary metabolites such as oxalic acid. HMW compounds are mainly peptides and proteins. Data available from the literature indicate a higher antimicrobial activity of mushroom extracts against gram-positive bacteria. Among all the mushrooms, Lentinus edodes is the most studied species and seems to have a broad antimicrobial action against both gram-postive and gram-negative bacteria. Plectasin peptide, obtained from Pseudoplectania nigrella, is the isolated compound with the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, while 2-aminoquinoline, isolated from Leucopaxillus albissimus, presents the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria.

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کباب قارچ

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